kemampuan otak bayi

Apa yang dapat dilakukan oleh bayi mungkin dianggap hal yang sepele bagi orang dewasa karena bayi belum dapat mengimbangi percakapan orang dewasa. Tetapi sebenarnya bayi dapat membuktikan kepandaiannya. Setelah para ilmuwan menemukan cara untuk mengungkap kemampuan bayi, ternyata bayi memiliki banyak kemampuan otak yang cukup cerdas dan menakjubkan. Kira-kira kemampuan menakjubkan apa saja yang ada pada otak bayi? Berikut 9 kemampuan menakjubkan dari otak bayi seperti dikutip dari LiveScience, Rabu (14/3/2012) antara lain: 1. Mengetahui siapa yang memiliki kedudukan lebih tinggi Dari usia 10 bulan, bayi mengetahui dan mengerti hal-hal yang cukup benar. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian yang telah diterbitkan dalam jurnal Science menunjukkan bayi mengerti hirarki (urutan kedudukan) sosial dan mengetahui ukuran yang dapat menentukan siapa yang bertanggung jawab. 2. Mengerti ekspresi emosi anjing Bahkan sebelum bayi dapat mengatakan kata 'mama' dan 'papa', bayi telah dapat menguraikan dan mengerti emosi anjing. Sebuah studi pada tahun 2009 menemukan bayi usia 6 bulan telah dapat menunjukkan bahasa tubuh yang sesuai. "Emosi adalah salah satu hal pertama yang dapat ditangkap bayi dalam dunia sosial," kata pemimpin peneliti Ross Flom, seorang profesor psikologi di Brigham Young University, Utah. Hasil studi tersebut telah dipublikasikan dalam jurnal Developmental Psychology. 3. Memahami suasana hati dan emosi Sementara bayi masih belum dapat berbicara, ia mungkin tahu kapan orang dewasa sedang merasa terpuruk. Sekitar usia 5 bulan, bayi dapat secara akurat memilih sebuah lagu yang dapat membangkitkan emosi positif. Hal tersebut berdasarkan hasil sebuah penelitian yang telah diterbitkan pada tahun 2010 dalam jurnal Neuron. Pada usia 9 bulan, bayi juga dapat mengidentifikasi suara sedih dari beberapa lagu. 4. Dapat menari mengikuti irama musik Berbicara tentang musik, bayi tidak dapat jika tidak bereaksi ketika mendengar musik tersebut. Tidak hanya telinga bayi yang dapat mengikuti ketukan, bayi sebenarnya dapat menari. Hal tersebut berdasarkan hasil sebuah penelitian yang diterbitkan pada tahun 2010. Bayi dapat melakukan gerakan tari dengan tangan, kaki dan badannya sesuai dengan irama atau alunan musik. Kemampuan menari adalah bawaan pada manusia, meskipun para peneliti tidak yakin mengapa hal tersebut dapat berevolusi. Hasil penelitian tersebut telah dipublikasikan dalam jurnal Proceeding of National Academy of Sciences. 5. Meniru tindakan orang lain Sebuah studi pada tahun 2009 mengungkapkan ketika bayi berusia 9 bulan yang melihat orang dewasa sebagai sebuah objek, maka daerah motor di otak bayi akan diaktifkan seolah-olah benar-benar melakukannya. Para peneliti studi menunjukkan bahwa neuron cermin yang banyak berperan. Bayi memiliki kemampuan prediktif yang dapat membantunya menanggapi tindakan orang lain. Hal tersebut berdasarkan hasil penelitian yang telah diterbitkan dalam jurnal Biology Letters. 6. Belajar dengan cepat saat tidur Menurut sebuah studi pada tahun 2010, bayi rupanya bisa belajar bahkan saat tidur. Hal tersebut berdasarkan hasil penelitian yang telah dilakukan oleh para peneliti yang melibatkan 26 bayi yang sedang tidur. "Seperti bayi yang baru lahir menghabiskan sebagian besar waktu mereka tidur, kemampuan tersebut mungkin penting untuk dapat cepat beradaptasi dengan dunia di sekitarnya dan membantu untuk memastikan kelangsungan hidup bayi," kata peneliti. Hasil studi tersebut telah dipublikasikan dalam jurnal Proceeding of National Academy of Sciences. 7. Bayi dapat mengerti suara yang ditujukan pada mereka Dalam sebuah studi pada tahun 2006, bayi yang berusia 7 bulan dapat mengerti suara atau bunyi yang ditujukan pada mereka. Hasil studi tersebut telah dipublikasikan dalam jurnal Proceeding of National Academy of Sciences. 8. Dapat membedakan dua bahasa yang berbeda Pada penelitian pada tahun 2007 yang telah diterbitkan dalam jurnal Science menunjukkan bahwa, bayi usia 4-6 bulan dapat menghabiskan lebih banyak waktu untuk melihat orang yang berbicara kepadanya mengucapkan kalimat dalam bahasa yang berbeda. Hal tersebut menunjukkan bahwa bayi dapat membedakan antara kedua bahasa tersebut. Beberapa hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa bayi mulai memahami tata bahasa, pengolahan tata bahasa dan kata-kata secara bersamaan pada usia 15 bulan. "Bayi yang baru lahir dapat dikatakan cerdas dalam bahasa karena bayi memiliki kemampuan dengan mudah belajar salah satu bahasa di dunia," kata psikolog George Hollich dari Purdue University. 9. Dapat menilai karakter orang cukup baik Mengelompokkan orang lain sebagai bermanfaat atau berbahaya sangat penting ketika memilih teman. Dan kemampuan tersebut dapat mulai dimiliki sejak bayi. Kemampuan menilai karakter dapat menjadi langkah pertama bayi dalam pembentukan moral. Hal tersebut berdasarkan hasil penelitian yang telah diterbitkan pada tahun 2007 di jurnal Nature

rahasia cantik waktu di photo

Tidak semua orang nyaman ketika di foto. Banyak dari mereka yang juga sering menghapus foto yang di-tag oleh teman di Facebook, karena merasa malu dengan wajah yang aneh saat di foto. Keith Lathrop, fotografer yang berbasis di New York mengatakan, agar menjadi fotogenik, Anda harus mengetahui tubuh Anda. "Setiap orang memiliki sudut terbaik, sehingga Anda harus terus mencari dan berani di foto untuk menemukannya," papar Lathrop. Seperti dirangkum dari Glo.MSN, berikut beberapa tips agar Anda terlihat menarik saat di foto. Ini dia! 1. Ketahui Angle Terbaik Menurut Lathrop, ketahui semua tentang angle. "Dasar praktis adalah sudut tiga perempat," paparnya. "Dalam posisi berdiri atau duduk, pastikan selalu posisi bahu dan pinggul berada di angle kamera" tambah Lathrop Dengan pose seperti ini, Anda terlihat lebih langsing. Untuk posisi duduk, Lathrop menyarankan untuk menyilangkan kaki Anda di lutut. Posisi ini akan mengkamuflase penampilan selulit. 2. Pose Bingung tangan harus diletakkan di mana? Lathrop menyarankan, tempatkan tangan di pinggul dan tumpukan berat badan di salah satu kaki. Jika Anda lebih besar di tengah, cobalah tempatkan tangan Anda di pinggang bukan pinggul. Untuk menonjolkan bagian terkecil dari pinggang Anda. 3. Memakai Warna Netral Fotografer dan make-up artist setuju untuk menggunakan warna-warna netral saat di foto. Gunakan make-up dan pakaian dengan warna hangat dan netral. Lathrop merekomendasikan nuansa coklat, kuning gading dan oranye untuk pakaian. Make-up artist, Travis Culberson menyarankan untuk menggunakan warna pink untuk rias wajah. "Warna pink muda merupakan make-up terbaik." Pastikan, warna-warna yang digunakan dekat dengan warna kulit sehingga meminimalisir kesalahan fashion, terutama di bawah cahaya terang atau flash. 4. Membersihkan Wajah dan Menerapkan Make-up Rahasia foto yang sempurna adalah wajah yang bersih. "Anda harus membersihkan wajah dengan make-up remover, sabun dan toner lalu terapkan pelembab." Make-up artist yang pernah bekerja untuk Tyra Banks Show itu menyarankan untuk menggunakan concealer meskipun wajah Anda putih dan tanpa noda. Gunanya untuk meratakan warna kulit. 5. Percaya Diri Banyak yang mengatakan, 'percaya diri adalah aksesori terbaik'. Lathrop mengatakan, cara terbaik untuk wajah rileks adalah senyum lebar dan angkat alis Anda. Memang tidak mudah untuk tetap menjaga ekspresi natural. Untuk mendapatkannya, sebelum memulai pose, hitung '1,2,3 lalu katakan cheese!' untuk membuat senyuman lebih lepas.

penemuan baru ilmuan jepang ciptakan sel pembunuh kanker

Hingga kini kanker bisa dikatakan sebagai salah satu penyakit yang hampir tak ada obatnya alias sulit disembuhkan. Berbagai pengobatan yang sudah ada pun hanya bertujuan mengurangi kemampuan sel 'jahat' kanker untuk berkembang biak. Namun baru-baru ini tim peneliti dari Jepang menemukan pengobatan kanker baru dengan memanfaatkan sel T yang diklaim dapat membunuh kanker untuk pertama kalinya. Sebenarnya secara alami sel T atau bagian dari sel darah putih yang berperan utama dalam sistem kekebalan sel sudah terdapat di dalam tubuh setiap orang tapi jumlahnya kecil. Oleh karena itu peneliti menduga dengan menyuntikkan sel T tambahan dalam jumlah besar ke tubuh pasien maka upaya itu dapat memperkuat sistem kekebalan sel dan tubuh secara menyeluruh untuk melawan kanker. Untuk membuat sel spesifik yang disebut dengan limfosit T pembunuh (killer T lymphocytes) ini, awalnya tim peneliti harus memprogram ulang limfosit T yang memiliki spesialisasi membunuh beberapa jenis kanker tertentu menjadi jenis sel lain yang disebut induced pluripotent stem cells (sel iPS). Sel-sel iPS inilah yang menghasilkan limfosit T spesifik kanker. Kendati begitu, studi sebelumnya menemukan limfosit T pembunuh yang dihasilkan di dalam laboratorium dengan menggunakan metode konvensional dianggap kurang efisien dalam membunuh sel-sel kanker karena masa hidupnya yang sangat pendek sehingga penggunaan limfosit T pembunuh untuk pengobatan kanker menjadi terbatas. Beruntung peneliti telah mengantisipasi kendala itu. Untuk mengatasinya, tim peneliti dari RIKEN Research Centre for Allergy and Immunology yang dipimpin Hiroshi Kawamoto ini pun memprogram ulang limfosit T pembunuh pada orang dewasa menjadi sel-sel iPS dan mengamati bagaimana sel-sel ini terdiferensiasi. Caranya dengan memapari limfosit T pembunuh dengan 'faktor Yamanaka' atau sekelompok senyawa yang menginduksi sel-sel agar kembali ke tahap non-spesialisasi. Kemudian sel-sel iPS yang diperoleh dari proses itu ditumbuhkan di dalam lab dan diinduksi agar dapat berdiferensiasi menjadi limfosit T pembunuh. Jenis limfosit T baru ini pun telah terbukti spesifik dengan limfosit asli yang ada pada beberapa jenis kanker kulit yang sama. Tak hanya itu, peneliti juga mempertahankan reorganisasi genetik selnya dan membuat limfosit T pembunuh ini mampu mengekspresikan reseptor kanker spesifik pada permukaan 'tubuhnya'. Limfosit T baru ini juga diketahui aktif memproduksi senyawa anti-tumor. "Kami telah berhasil mengembangkan sel-sel T spesifik antigen dengan membuat sel-sel iPS dan mendiferensiasikan mereka untuk kembali menjadi sel T yang fungsional," tukas Dr. Kawamoto seperti dilansir dari Daily Mail, Sabtu (5/1/2013). "Langkah selanjutnya adalah menguji apakah sel T ini dapat membunuh sel-sel tumor secara selektif, tidak dengan sel-sel lainnya di dalam tubuh. Jika mereka bisa melakukannya maka sel-sel ini dapat disuntikkan langsung ke dalam tubuh pasien untuk terapi. Bahkan hal ini bisa direalisasikan dalam waktu dekat," lanjutnya.

agar tidak bt saat jadi karyawan

Pernahkah Anda menjadi bahan omongan sesama rekan kerja? Tentunya hal tersebut tidak menyenangkan. Apalagi ketika baru mendapat kenaikan jabatan dan disebut prestasi itu bukan karena kinerja Anda semata. Perasaan iri orang lain atas prestasi Anda bisa mengganggu kebahagiaan yang didapat atas kenaikan jabatan. Saat Anda sudah bekerja keras, sementara karyawan lain menganggap Anda mendapat promosi karena kedekatan dengan atasan atau kecantikan semata, tentunya hal itu membuat kesal. Pakar dari Experd Consultant, perusahaan yang bergerak dalam bidang konsultasi pengembangan sumber daya manusia, Cherry Zulviyanti Riadi Lukman melihat hal itu umum terjadi dalam lingkungan kerja. Sekarang tinggal bagaimana Anda menyikapi semua itu dengan positif, tidak stres atau malah terpuruk. "Ini justru menjadi tantangan. Bagaimana caranya supaya dia mendekatkan dirinya serta merangkul pihak-pihak serta rekan-rekan yang tidak suka dengan kesuksesan itu," jelas Cherry yang menjabat sebagai Chief Consultan Assessment di Experd Consultan itu saat diwawancara wolipop, Rabu (9/1/2013). Apa yang harus dilakukan agar bisa merangkul pihak-pihak yang iri dengan kesuksesan Anda itu? Saran dari Cherry, cobalah kembangkan interaksi sosial Anda dengan karyawan lainnya. Misalnya dengan makan siang bersama atau melakukan kegiatan menyenangkan lain di luar jam kantor. "Jangan menunjukkan bahwa kita menunjatuhkan mereka. Kita tunjukkan bahwa kita bisa bersama-sama mencapai prestasi yang lebih baik lagi," tambah Cherry. Kalaupun omongan negatif itu tetap ada, yang bisa Anda lakukan adalah dengan tidak mempedulikannya. Anggap saja omongan itu tidak pernah ada dan tetaplah bekerja secara maksimal. Menurut Cherry, jangan juga Anda menghindari atau justru mencari-cari dukungan dari karyawan lain dan mengajak mereka membenci pihak yang iri tersebut. "Dari situ bisa terlihat bahwa kita bisa lebih matang, tidak emosional dalam bekerja, persaingan kerja juga positif. Lingkungan sekitar juga akan menilai sendiri," pungkas wanita yang sudah enam tahun bekerja di Experd Consultant ituPernahkah Anda menjadi bahan omongan sesama rekan kerja? Tentunya hal tersebut tidak menyenangkan. Apalagi ketika baru mendapat kenaikan jabatan dan disebut prestasi itu bukan karena kinerja Anda semata. Perasaan iri orang lain atas prestasi Anda bisa mengganggu kebahagiaan yang didapat atas kenaikan jabatan. Saat Anda sudah bekerja keras, sementara karyawan lain menganggap Anda mendapat promosi karena kedekatan dengan atasan atau kecantikan semata, tentunya hal itu membuat kesal. Pakar dari Experd Consultant, perusahaan yang bergerak dalam bidang konsultasi pengembangan sumber daya manusia, Cherry Zulviyanti Riadi Lukman melihat hal itu umum terjadi dalam lingkungan kerja. Sekarang tinggal bagaimana Anda menyikapi semua itu dengan positif, tidak stres atau malah terpuruk. "Ini justru menjadi tantangan. Bagaimana caranya supaya dia mendekatkan dirinya serta merangkul pihak-pihak serta rekan-rekan yang tidak suka dengan kesuksesan itu," jelas Cherry yang menjabat sebagai Chief Consultan Assessment di Experd Consultan itu saat diwawancara wolipop, Rabu (9/1/2013). Apa yang harus dilakukan agar bisa merangkul pihak-pihak yang iri dengan kesuksesan Anda itu? Saran dari Cherry, cobalah kembangkan interaksi sosial Anda dengan karyawan lainnya. Misalnya dengan makan siang bersama atau melakukan kegiatan menyenangkan lain di luar jam kantor. "Jangan menunjukkan bahwa kita menunjatuhkan mereka. Kita tunjukkan bahwa kita bisa bersama-sama mencapai prestasi yang lebih baik lagi," tambah Cherry. Kalaupun omongan negatif itu tetap ada, yang bisa Anda lakukan adalah dengan tidak mempedulikannya. Anggap saja omongan itu tidak pernah ada dan tetaplah bekerja secara maksimal. Menurut Cherry, jangan juga Anda menghindari atau justru mencari-cari dukungan dari karyawan lain dan mengajak mereka membenci pihak yang iri tersebut. "Dari situ bisa terlihat bahwa kita bisa lebih matang, tidak emosional dalam bekerja, persaingan kerja juga positif. Lingkungan sekitar juga akan menilai sendiri," pungkas wanita yang sudah enam tahun bekerja di Experd Consultant itu

cara mencegah kelbihan lemak

Lemak berlebih pada perut seringkali membuat wanita tidak percaya diri karena menganggap tampilannya kurang sempurna. Bukan hanya soal penampilan fisik, lemak perut atau belly fat juga sering diasosiasikan dengan gangguan kesehatan serius seperti jantung, paru-paru serta ginjal. Apa sebenarnya lemak perut itu dan bagaimana mencegahnya? Menurut Dokter Endrokrinolog dan Spesialis Antiaging Dr. Deepak Chaturdevi, lemak perut atau istilah medisnya abdominal obesity adalah kelebihan lemak yang terbentuk di area perut. Lemak ini bisa terjadi pada setiap orang dengan berbagai usia, pria maupun wanita. Penyebab terjadinya lemak perut belum diketahui secara pasti, tapi bisa dipengaruhi oleh faktor lingkungan dan genetis. Artinya, lebih rentan terjadi pada mereka yang orangtuanya juga memiliki kelebihan lemak di perut. Faktor lainnya karena menurunnya sensitivitas insulin, merokok, konsumsi junk food, kebiasaan makan larut malam, stres, pencernaan yang tidak lancar atau masalah pada usus. Ketika sudah terjadi penumpukan lemak di perut, akan sedikit sulit menghilangkan atau menguranginya. Diperlukan komitmen tinggi untuk diet sehat dan olahraga teratur. Pada kondisi tertentu, lemak bahkan perlu diangkat dengan bedah plastik. Namun bagi Anda yang belum terlanjur memiliki lemak perut berlebih, ada cara untuk mencegahnya. "Bukan sekadar latihan fisik, tapi yang terpenting adalah apa yang Anda makan; diet yang tepat itu wajib bila Anda ingin menghindari abdominal obesity," tutur Dr. Deepak, seperti dikutip dari Health Me Up. Dia menambahkan, "Abdominal obesity berarti level insulin dan hormon stres tinggi. Jika Anda mengalami kelebihan lemak pada perut, jelas mengindikasikan bahwa ada sesuatu yang salah pada sistem tubuh dan Anda perlu memperbaikinya dengan cara yang tepat untuk menghindari gangguan kesehatan." Ini beberapa cara yang harus Anda lakukan agar tubuh jauh dari kelebihan lemak perut untuk selamanya: - Minumlah banyak air putih setiap hari. Air adalah 'obat' alami yang ampuh untuk membuang racun-racun, termasuk lemak berlebih. - Makanlah tepat waktu. Kunyah makanan dengan perlahan sebelum menelannya. Perut akan lebih mudah menerima makanan yang sudah dicerna dalam mulut dengan baik. Kebiasaan mengunyah makanan dengan perlahan kecil kemungkinannya menimbun berat berlebih. - Kurangi minuman bersoda karena mengandung banyak gula yang berpotensi menimbun lemak. Akan lebih sehat jika mengonsumsi air lemon. - Makan lebih banyak buah dan sayuran segar yang kaya akan serat. - Konsumsi makanan dengan porsi kecil, dan makan setiap 3-4 jam. - Hindari makan terlalu malam. - Lakukan latihan fisik minimal 45 menit setiap hari. Tidak harus olahraga atau fitnes di gym. Cukup dengan memperbanyak gerak dalam keseharian Anda. - Tidur yang cukup di malam, sedikitnya 7-8 jam sehari. - Konsumsi makanan rendah lemak. - Cek level kolesterol secara rutin, minimal satu tahun sekali. - Kontrol berat badan Anda

princes

a long time ago, in neverland, there live a very beautiful princess, Snow White. The Queen was her stepmother. she was very jealous of her beauty. So she wanted her to die. Snow White knew about the evil plan. She escaped into a forest. There she made friends with seven dwarfs. The queen turned Snow White into a witch. Snow white did not realize it. the witch gave her a poisoned apple. As a result, Snow White was put into sleep for years. Fortunately, in the end, Prince charming revived her with a kiss. They lived together happily ever after. The Frog and the Crocodile Once, there was a frog who lived in the middle of a swamp. His entire family had lived in that swamp for generations, but this particular frog decided that he had had quite enough wetness to last him a lifetime. He decided that he was going to find a dry place to live instead. The only thing that separated him from dry land was a swampy, muddy, swiftly flowing river. But the river was home to all sorts of slippery, slittering snakes that loved nothing better than a good, plump frog for dinner, so Frog didn't dare try to swim across. So for many days, the frog stayed put, hopping along the bank, trying to think of a way to get across. The snakes hissed and jeered at him, daring him to come closer, but he refused. Occasionally they would slither closer, jaws open to attack, but the frog always leaped out of the way. But no matter how far upstream he searched or how far downstream, the frog wasn't able to find a way across the water. He had felt certain that there would be a bridge, or a place where the banks came together, yet all he found was more reeds and water. After a while, even the snakes stopped teasing him and went off in search of easier prey. The frog sighed in frustration and sat to sulk in the rushes. Suddenly, he spotted two big eyes staring at him from the water. The giant log-shaped animal opened its mouth and asked him, "What are you doing, Frog? Surely there are enough flies right there for a meal." The frog croaked in surprise and leaped away from the crocodile. That creature could swallow him whole in a moment without thinking about it! Once he was a satisfied that he was a safe distance away, he answered. "I'm tired of living in swampy waters, and I want to travel to the other side of the river. But if I swim across, the snakes will eat me." The crocodile harrumphed in agreement and sat, thinking, for a while. "Well, if you're afraid of the snakes, I could give you a ride across," he suggested. "Oh no, I don't think so," Frog answered quickly. "You'd eat me on the way over, or go underwater so the snakes could get me!" "Now why would I let the snakes get you? I think they're a terrible nuisance with all their hissing and slithering! The river would be much better off without them altogether! Anyway, if you're so worried that I might eat you, you can ride on my tail." The frog considered his offer. He did want to get to dry ground very badly, and there didn't seem to be any other way across the river. He looked at the crocodile from his short, squat buggy eyes and wondered about the crocodile's motives. But if he rode on the tail, the croc couldn't eat him anyway. And he was right about the snakes--no self-respecting crocodile would give a meal to the snakes. "Okay, it sounds like a good plan to me. Turn around so I can hop on your tail." The crocodile flopped his tail into the marshy mud and let the frog climb on, then he waddled out to the river. But he couldn't stick his tail into the water as a rudder because the frog was on it -- and if he put his tail in the water, the snakes would eat the frog. They clumsily floated downstream for a ways, until the crocodile said, "Hop onto my back so I can steer straight with my tail." The frog moved, and the journey smoothed out. From where he was sitting, the frog couldn't see much except the back of Crocodile's head. "Why don't you hop up on my head so you can see everything around us?" Crocodile invited. "But I don't want to see anything else," the frog answered, suddenly feeling nervous. "Oh, come now. It's a beautiful view! Surely you don't think that I'm going to eat you after we're halfway across. My home is in the marsh-- what would be the point of swimming across the river full of snakes if I didn't leave you on the other bank?" Frog was curious about what the river looked like, so he climbed on top of Crocodile's head. The river looked almost pretty from this view. He watched dragonflies darting over the water and smiled in anticipation as he saw firm ground beyond the cattails. When the crocodile got close enough, the frog would leap off his head towards freedom. He wouldn't give the croc a chance to eat him. "My nose tickles," the crocodile complained suddenly, breaking into the frog's train of thought. "I think there might be a fly buzzing around it somewhere, or a piece of cattail fluff swept into it while I was taking you across the river." "I don't see a fly," the frog said, peering at the crocodile's green snout. It seemed odd that anything could tickle a crocodile through it's thick skin. "Would you go check my nose for a piece of cattail fluff, then?" the crocodile begged, twitching his nose. "I'm afraid I'll sneeze and send you flying. I don't want to feed you to the snakes." A tear seeped out of his eye, as if he was holding back a mighty sneeze. The bank isn't too far, the frog thought. And it's the least he could do to repay him for bringing him over. So he hopped onto the crocodile's snout and checked the nostrils. Just a little closer, and he could jump... "I don't see--" he began. Just then, with a terrific CHOMP! the frog disappeared. The crocodile licked his lips in satisfaction and gave a tiny half-sneeze. "Good, I feel much better already," he smiled, and turned around to go back home.

from East Java Cindelaras

Raden Putra was the king of Jenggala kingdom. He had a beautiful queen and concubine. Unlike the queen, the concubine had bad personalities. She was envious and jealous with the queen, so she planned to make the queen leave the palace. The concubine then asked the royal healer to help her in her plan. One day, the concubine pretended to be ill. Raden Putra called the royal healer to give the concubine treatments. “What is her disease?” Raden Putra asked the royal healer. “I’m very sorry, My Majesty. She is sick because the queen put poison in her meal,” the royal healer lied. Raden Putra was shock and angry to hear the explanation. He called the queen and asked her if the story was true. Of course the queen denied, but Raden Putra won’t listen. “Please Your Majesty, have mercy. I really didn’t do anything,” cried the queen in her tears. Raden Putra’s anger ended in a decision. The queen should be banished to the woods and terminated. He did not know that the queen was already pregnant. Raden Putra commanded one of his general to do the punishment. The queen was banished to the woods, but the wise general didn’t have the heart to kill her. He built a simple house in the woods for her. On his way back to the palace, he smeared his sword with rabbit blood, so Raden Putra would believe that he had killed the queen. After the general left, the queen lived by herself in the woods. Several months later, she gave birth to a healthy baby boy. The baby was named Cindelaras. He grew up as a nice, healthy, and handsome boy. One day, while Cindelaras helped her mother to collect some fire woods, an eagle dropped an egg. Cindelaras brought the egg to be brooded by a chicken behind their house. The egg hatched into a chick and then it slowly became a strong rooster. The rooster is no ordinary rooster. The rooster could sing. Every morning, the rooster woke Cindelaras up with its beautiful song, “My master is Cindelaras. His house is in the woods. He’s the son of Raden Putra.” The rooster often sang that song. Cindelaras always woke up early in the morning and listen happily to his rooster’s song. He didn’t realize the meaning of the song until one day, he started to think. “Who is Raden Putra?” he asked his mother. The queen then told him the whole story. She also told him why they were banned from the kingdom and lived in the woods. Cindelaras was very surprised. He decided to go to the palace to meet the king, his father. Cindelaras asked her mother’s permission to go to the kingdom and to tell the king what really happened. He also brought his rooster that grew bigger and stronger each day. On his way, Cindelaras stopped at a village. There, he met some people who were involved in cockfighting. They challenge him to see how strong his rooster was. “If your rooster wins, you’ll get a reward,” said the man who challenged him. Cindelaras accepted the challenge. In a few minutes, his rooster defeated the opponent’s rooster. He was challenged again by other man, and one more time, his rooster won. He won again and again. The news about Cindelaras’ rooster quickly spread to the whole Jenggala kingdom and made Raden Putra curious. So, he invited Cindelaras to the palace. “What is your name, boy?” Raden Putra asked as Cindelaras arrived in the palace. “My name is Cindelaras, Your Majesty,” Cindelaras answered. He felt both thrilled and happy to see Raden Putra. Raden Putra challenged Cindelaras with one condition. If Raden Putra’s rooster won, Cindelaras’ head would be cut off. But if Cindelaras’ rooster won, Raden Putra would share half of his wealth. Cindelaras accepted the condition. The competition was held in the front yard of the palace. The two roosters fought bravely. But in just a few minutes, Cindelaras’ rooster won the fight! Raden Putra shook his head and stared at Cindelaras from his seat, “That rooster is no ordinary rooster, and the boy is not an ordinaty boy either. Who is he exactly?” he thought. Raden Putra was about to asked when suddenly Cindelaras’ rooster sang the song, “My master is Cindelaras. His house is in the woods. He’s the son of Raden Putra.” Raden Putra was surprised. “Is it true?” he asked. “Yes, My Majesty. My name is Cindelaras and my mother was the queen,” said Cindelaras. Raden putra called the general who had banished the queen. The general then confessed that he never killed the queen. Later, the royal healer also admitted his mistake. Raden Putra was so shocked. He immediately went to the woods to pick up the queen. Ever since, Cindelaras and his parents lived happily together. As for the concubine, she was sent to the jail as punishment.***

sangkuriang from west java

Long time ago in West Java, lived a beautiful girl named Dayang Sumbi. She was also smart and clever. Her beauty and intelligence made a prince from the heavenly kingdom of Kahyangan desire her as his wife. The prince asked permission from his father to marry Dayang Sumbi. People from Kahyangan could never live side by side with humans, but his father approved on one condition, when they had a child, the prince would transform into a dog. The prince accepted the condition. They get married and lived happily in the woods until Dayang Sumbi gave birth to a baby boy. The prince then changed into a dog named Tumang. Their son is named Sangkuriang. He was very smart and handsome like his father. Everyday, he hunted animals and looked for fruits to eat. One day, when he was hunting, Sangkuriang accidentally killed Tumang. His arrow missed the deer he was targeting and hit Tumang instead. He went home and tells her mother about the dog. “What?” Dayang Sumbi was appalled. Driven by sadness and anger, she grabbed a weaving tool and hit Sangkuriang’s head with it. Dayang Sumbi was so sad; she didn’t pay any attention to Sangkuriang and started to cry. Sangkuriang feel sad and also confused. How can his mother love a dog more than him? Sangkuriang then decided to go away from their home and went on a journey. In the morning, Dayang Sumbi finally stopped crying. She started to feel better, so she went to find Sangkuriang. But her son was no where to be found. She looked everywhere but still couldn’t find him. Finally, she went home with nothing. She was exhausted. She fell asleep, and in her dream, she meets her husband. “Dayang Sumbi, don’t be sad. Go look for my body in the woods and get the heart. Soak it with water, and use the water to bathe, and you will look young forever,” said the prince in her dream. After bathing with the water used to soak the dog’s heart, Dayang Sumbi looked more beautiful and even younger. And time passed by. Sangkuriang on his journey stopped at a village and met and fell in love with a beautiful girl.He didn't realize that the village was his homeland and the beautiful girl was his own mother, Dayang Sumbi. Their love grew naturally and he asked the girl to marry him. One day, Sangkuriang was going on a hunt. He asked Dayang Sumbi to fix the turban on his head. Dayang Sumbi was startled when she saw a scar on his head at the same place where she, years ago, hit Sangkuriang on the head. After the young man left, Dayang Sumbi prayed for guidance. After praying, she became convinced that the young man was indeed her missing son. She realized that she had to do something to prevent Sangkuriang from marrying her. But she did not wish to disappoint him by cancelling the wedding. So, although she agreed to marry Sangkuriang, she would do so only on the condition that he provides her with a lake and built a beautiful boat, all in one night. Sangkuriang accepted this condition without a doubt. He had spent his youth studying magical arts. After the sun went down, Sangkuriang went to the hill. Then he called a group of genie to build a dam around Citarum River. Then, he commands the genies to cut down trees and build a boat. A few moments before dawn, Sangkuriang and his genie servants almost finished the boat. Dayang Sumbi, who had been spying on him, realised that Sangkuriang would fulfill the condition she had set. Dayang Sumbi immediately woke all the women in the village and asked them to wave a long red scarf. All the women in the village were waving red scarf, making it look as if dawn was breaking. Deceived by false dawn, the cock crowed and farmers rose for the new day. Sangkuriang’s genie servants immediately dropped their work and ran for cover from the sun, which they feared. Sangkuriang grew furious. With all his anger, he kicked the unfinished boat. The boat flew and landed on a valley. The boat then became a mountain, called Mount Tangkuban Perahu (Tangkuban means upturned or upside down, and Perahu means boat). With his power, he destroyed the dam. The water drained from the lake becoming a wide plain and nowadays became a city called Bandung (from the word Bendung, which means Dam).***

from West Sumatra Malin Kundang

Once upon a time, on the north coast of Sumatra lived a poor woman and his son. The boy was called Malin Kundang. They didn’t earn much as fishing was their only source of income. Malin Kundang grew up as a skillful young boy. He always helps his mother to earn some money. However, as they were only fisherman’s helper, they still lived in poverty. “Mother, what if I sail overseas?” asked Malin Kundang one day to his mother. Her mother didn’t agree but Malin Kundang had made up his mind. “Mother, if I stay here, I’ll always be a poor man. I want to be a successful person,” urged Malin kundang. His mother wiped her tears, “If you really want to go, I can’t stop you. I could only pray to God for you to gain success in life,” said his mother wisely. “But, promise me, you’ll come home.” In the next morning, Malin Kundang was ready to go. Three days ago, he met one of the successful ship’s crew. Malin was offered to join him. “Take a good care of yourself, son,” said Malin Kundang’s mother as she gave him some food supplies. “Yes, Mother,” Malin Kundang said. “You too have to take a good care of yourself. I’ll keep in touch with you,” he continued before kissing his mother’s hand. Before Malin stepped onto the ship, Malin’s mother hugged him tight as if she didn’t want to let him go. It had been three months since Malin Kundang left his mother. As his mother had predicted before, he hadn’t contacted her yet. Every morning, she stood on the pier. She wished to see the ship that brought Malin kundang home. Every day and night, she prayed to the God for her son’s safety. There was so much prayer that had been said due to her deep love for Malin Kundang. Even though it’s been a year she had not heard any news from Malin Kundang, she kept waiting and praying for him. After several years waiting without any news, Malin Kundang’s mother was suddenly surprised by the arrival of a big ship in the pier where she usually stood to wait for her son. When the ship finally pulled over, Malin Kundang’s mother saw a man who looked wealthy stepping down a ladder along with a beautiful woman. She could not be wrong. Her blurry eyes still easily recognized him. The man was Malin Kundang, her son. Malin Kundang’s mother quickly went to see her beloved son. “Malin, you’re back, son!” said Malin Kundang’s mother and without hesitation, she came running to hug Malin Kundang, “I miss you so much.” But, Malin Kundang didn’t show any respond. He was ashamed to admit his own mother in front of his beautiful wife. “You’re not my Mother. I don’t know you. My mother would never wear such ragged and ugly clothes,” said Malin Kundang as he release his mother embrace. Malin Kundang’s mother take a step back, “Malin…You don’t recognize me? I’m your mother!” she said sadly. Malin Kundang’s face was as cold as ice. “Guard, take this old women out of here,” Malin Kundang ordered his bodyguard. “Give her some money so she won’t disturb me again!” Malin Kundang’s mother cried as she was dragged by the bodyguard, ”Malin... my son. Why do you treat your own mother like this?” Malin Kundang ignored his mother and ordered the ship crews to set sail. Malin Kundang’s mother sat alone in the pier. Her heart was so hurt, she cried and cried. “Dear God, if he isn’t my son, please let him have a save journey. But if he is, I cursed him to become a stone,” she prayed to the God. In the quiet sea, suddenly the wind blew so hard and a thunderstorm came. Malin Kundang’s huge ship was wrecked. He was thrown by the wave out of his ship, and fell on a small island. Suddenly, his whole body turned into stone. He was punished for not admitting his own mother.***

from Central Java Mouse Deer and Tiger

One upon a time, there was a mouse deer living in a forest. Although he was small, he wasn’t afraid of the other bigger animals who wanted to eat him. He was so smart; he always managed to ditch them. One day, a tiger was wandering around for food. He hadn't been eating for days. He was really hungry. While he was walking in the forest, he saw Mouse Deer. The tiger wanted to eat him. Tiger slowly ducked, crawled, approaching Mouse Deer, then..."Gotcha!" said Tiger. He caught Mouse Deer. “Hello, Mouse Deer! I’m really hungry right now. You’ll be my lunch!” said Tiger. Mouse Deer didn’t want to be his lunch. He tried to be calm. He looked around and saw some buffalo’s dung. He had an idea. “I’m sorry, Tiger. I can’t be your lunch now. The King has ordered me to guard his cake,” said Mouse Deer calmly. “His cake?” said Tiger curiously. “Yes, there it is. It’s very delicious. The King doesn’t want anyone else to eat it, so he ordered me to guard it,” Mouse Deer pointed the buffalo’s dung. “Can I taste it?” Tiger asked. “Of course you can’t. The King would be very angry,” said Mouse Deer refused. “Just one little bite, Mouse Deer! The King will never know,” said Tiger. “Well, okay, Tiger. But first let me run far away, so the King won’t blame me,” said Mouse Deer. “All right, Mouse deer. You can go now.” Mouse Deer ran quickly out of sight. Tiger then took a big mouthful of the ‘cake’. “Phoooey!” He spit it out. “Yuck, that’s not cake. That’s buffalo’s dung.” Tiger ran through the forest. He caught up with Mouse Deer. “Mouse Deer, you tricked me. But now you will be my lunch.” Mouse Deer looked around and saw a wasp nest in a tree. “I’m sorry, Tiger. I can’t be your lunch now. The King has ordered me to guard his drum,” said Mouse Deer calmly. “His drum?” said Tiger curiously. “Yes, there it is. It has the best sound in the world. The King doesn’t want anyone else to hit it,” Mouse Deer pointed the wasp nest. “Can I hit the King’s drum?” Tiger asked. “Of course you can’t. The King would be very angry,” said Mouse Deer refused. “Just one little hit, Mouse Deer! The King will never know,” said Tiger. ”Well, all right, Tiger. But first let me run far away, so the King won’t blame me,” said Mouse Deer. “All right, Mouse Deer. You can go now.” Mouse Deer ran quickly out of sight. Tiger then reached up and hit the wasp nest. Bzzzzzzz…! “Ouch…ouch! That’s not a drum. That a wasp nests!” Tiger ran away. But the wasps keep following him. He came to the river. He jumped in and stayed underwater as long as he could. At last the wasps went away. Then he jumped out. He ran through the forest till he found Mouse Deer. “Mouse Deer, you tricked me again. But now you will be my lunch.” Mouse Deer looked around and saw a cobra. The snake was coiled asleep on the ground. “I’m sorry, Tiger. I can’t be your lunch now. The King has ordered me to guard his belt,” said Mouse Deer calmly. “His belt?” said Tiger curiously. “Yes. There it is. It’s the best belt in the world. The King doesn’t want anyone else to wear it,” Mouse Deer pointed the cobra. “Can I wear it?” Tiger asked. “Of course you can’t. The King would be very angry,” said Mouse Deer refused. “Just for one moment, Mouse Deer! The King will never know,” said Tiger. ”Well, all right, Tiger. But first let me run far away, so the King won’t blame me,” said Mouse Deer. “All right, Mouse Deer. You can go now.” Mouse Deer ran quickly out of sight. Tiger then took the snake and started to warp it around himself. The cobra woke up. It squeezed Tiger and bit him. SSssssstt! “Oouch! Ow! Ooow! That’s not a belt! That’s a cobra! Help! Mouse Deer! Help!” But Mouse Deer was already far away. He laughed aloud. Mouse Deer was safe from Tiger now.

Lutung Kasarung from West Java

Prabu Tapa Agung had led a kingdom in West Java for a long time. He was getting old and therefore wanted to choose a successor. But unfortunately, he had no son. He thought of choosing one of his daughters, Purbararang and Purbasari. But it wasn’t an easy choice. They were both very pretty and smart. The only difference was their temperament. Purbararang was rude and dishonest, while Purbasari was kind and caring. With those considerations, Prabu Tapa Agung finally chose Purbasari to be his successor. Purbararang didn’t agree with her father’s decision. “It’s supposed to be me, Father. I’m the eldest daughter!” Purbararang said. Prabu Tapa Agung smiled. “Purbararang, to be a queen takes more than age. There are many other qualities that one must possess,” explained Prabu Tapa Agung wisely. “What does Purbasari have that I don’t?” Purbararang pouted. “You’ll find out when Purbasari has replaced me,” Prabu Tapa Agung answered. After the discussion, Purbararang went back to her room. “Is there something wrong?” asked Indrajaya. Indrajaya is Purbararang’s future husband. “I’m upset! Father chose Purbasari as his successor and not me! I have to do something!” Purbararang said. Driven mad by her anger, she came to a witch and asked her to send rash all over Purbasari’s body. Before going to bed, Purbasari started to feel itch all over her body. She tried applying powder to her body, but it’s no use. Instead, the itching grew even worse. She didn’t want to scratch it, but she just couldn’t help it. In the next morning, there were scratch mark all over Purbasari’s body. “What happened to you?” asked Purbararang, pretending to be concerned. “I don’t know, sis. Last night, my body suddenly felt very itchy. I scratched and scratched, and this is what happened,” Purbasari answered. Purbararang shook her head. “You must have done something really awful. You’ve been punished by the gods!” That day, the whole kingdom was scandalized. “What have you done, Purbasari?” demanded Prabu Tapa Agung. Purbasari shook her head. “I didn’t do anything that would upset the gods, Father,” she answered. “Then how can you explain what happened to your body?” Prabu Tapa Agung asked again. “If you don’t confess, I’ll banish you to the woods.” Purbasari took a deep breath. “Like I said before, I didn’t do anything wrong. And I’d rather be thrown into the woods than to confess to a deed I didn’t commit.” After a short discussion with his advisor, Prabu Tapa Agung ordered Purbasari to be moved to the woods. Purbasari was very sad, but she couldn’t do anything to defy her father’s order. She was accompanied to the woods by a messenger. He built a simple hut for Purbasari. After the messenger left, suddenly a black monkey came to Purbasari’s hut. He carried a bunch of bananas. From behind him, some animals looked on. “Are the bananas for me?’ Purbasari asked. The black monkey nodded, as if he understood what Purbasari said. Purbasari took the bananas with pleasure. She also said thanks. The other animals that were looking on also seemed to smile. “Are you willing to be my friend?” Purbasari asked them. All the animals nodded happily. Although she was living by herself in the woods, Purbasari never lacked of supplies. Everyday, there were always animals bringing her fruits and fish to eat. A long time had passed since Purbasari was banished to the woods, but her body still itched. At some places, her skin was even ulcerating. What am I supposed to do?” Purbasari sighed. The monkey who was sitting next to her stayed still, there were tears in his eyes. He hoped Purbasari would remain patient and strong. One night, on a full moon, the monkey took Purbasari to a valley. There is a pond with hot spring water. The monkey suddenly spoke, “The water of this pond will heal your skin,” he said. Purbasari was surprised, ”You can talk? Who are you?” she asked. “You’ll find out, in time,” the monkey said. Purbasari didn’t want to force the monkey. She then walked to the pond. She bathed there. After a few hours, Purbasari walked out of the pond. She was shocked to see her face reflected on the clear pond water. Her face was beautiful again, with smooth and clean skin. Purbasari observed her entire body. There were no traces of any skin ailments. “I’m cured! I’m cured!” Purbasari shouted in joy. She quickly offered thanks to the gods and also to the monkey. The news of Purbasari’s condition quickly spread to the kingdom, irritating Purbararang. She then accompanied by Indrajaya go to the woods to see Purbasari. Purbasari asked if she would be allowed to go home. Purbararang said she would let Purbasari return to the palace if Purbasari’s hair were longer than hers. Purbararang then let her hair down. It was so long, it almost touched the ground. But it turned out that Purbasari’s hair was twice longer than Purbararang’s hair. “Fine, so your hair is longer than mine.” Purbararang admitted. “But there is one more condition you must fulfill, do you have a future husband who is handsomer than mine?” said Purbararang as she walked toward Indrajaya. Purbasari felt miserable. She didn’t have a future husband yet. So, without much thought, she pulled the black monkey beside her. Purbararang and Indrajaya burst out, but their laughter didn’t last long. The monkey meditates and suddenly transformed into a very handsome young man, a lot more handsome than Indrajaya. “I’m a prince from a kingdom far away. I was cursed to be a monkey because of a mistake I committed. I could regain my true form only if there’s a girl who would be willing to be my wife,” said the young man. Finally, Purbararang gave up. She accepted Purbasari as the queen, and also confessed everything she had done. “Please forgive me. Please don’t punish me,” Purbararang said, asking for forgiveness. Instead of being angry, Purbasari smiled. “I forgive you, sis,” she said. Soon after, Purbasari become queen. Beside her was the handsome prince, the former monkey known as Lutung Kasarung.***

difusi

refugees and the Structure of Cells - Friend Pustakers, on this occasion Library School will share information about animal cells. The cell is the basic unit of the human body where each organ is gregasi / unification of the various cells that are united to one another by endorsement interselluler structures.
Each type of cell is devoted to perform a particular function. For example, the number of red blood cells 25 trillion serves to carry oxygen from the lungs to the tissues. In addition to red blood cells there are about 75 trillion cells that make up the human body else, so that the number of human cells in about 100 trillion cells. Although many cells are different from one another, but generally the whole cell sifar have basic properties that are similar to each other, for example:

• oxygen is bound to the carbohydrate, fat or protein in each cell to release energy;
• a common mechanism to change food into energy;
• each cell release final results to the fluid surrounding the reaction;
• almost all cells have the ability to conduct reproductive and if a particular cell gets damaged then other similar cells will regenerate
In general, the cells that make up the human body has a basic structure consisting of a cell membrane, protoplasm and the cell nucleus (nucleus). All three have a chemical composition consisting of water, electrolytes, proteins, fats and carbohydrates.
• Protein. Plays an important role in virtually all physiological processes and can be summarized as follows: Enzymatic Process; process of transport and storage; process of movement; mechanical function; immunological process; Founder and conductor of impulses in nerve cells and Managing the growth and regeneration.
• Fats. Fatty acids are a component of the cell membrane is a long hydrocarbon chain, while the fatty acids stored in the cell is triacylglycerol, a highly hydrophobic molecule. Because triacylglycerol molecule is not soluble in water / saline solution it will form lipid droplets in fat cells (adipose cells), which is a source of energy. Fatty molecules that make up cell membranes have hydroxyl groups (phospholipids and cholesterol) that can bind to the water, while the other hydrophobic groups (not tied to water) so-called amfifatik.
• Carbohydrates. A carbohydrate composed of atoms C, H, and O. Carbohydrates that have 5 C atoms are called pentoses, six C atoms called hexosa are carbohydrates that are essential for cell function. Carbohydrates are made up of many units called polysaccharides. Polysaccharides serve as a backup energy source and as components that make up the outer surface of the cell membrane. Carbohydrates that bind to proteins (glycoproteins) and that bind to fats (glycolipids) is an important structure of the cell membrane. Besides structuring glycolipids and glycoproteins blood group antigens that can induce an immunological reaction.
• Air. The main fluid medium of the cell is water, which is present in 70-85% concentration. Many chemicals cell soluble in water, while others are in the form of suspension or membranous.
• Electrolytes. The most important of the cell electrolyte is Potassium, Magnesium, Phosphate, Bicarbonate, Sodium, Chloride and Calcium. Inorganic electrolyte provides material for cellular reactions and mechanisms involved in the control cells.
Cytoplasm and organelles
Tues is not merely a bag containing liquids, enzymes and chemicals, but also contain physical structures are arranged so perfectly, called organelles and is essential for cell function. For example, in the absence of mitokhondria, then more than 95% of the energy supplied by the cell would soon disappear. Is dispersed in the cytoplasm of a variety of materials, namely globulus neutral fat, glycogen granules, ribosome, secretory granules, and five kinds of organelles important that the endoplasmic reticulum, the Golgi apparatus, mitokhondria, lysosomes and peroxisomes.

Cell Division and Function
1. Mitochondria, the energy source nerupakan spot formation. Commonly used by all living cells, because its function is very important, that produce energy by the process of cellular respiration (reaction between oxygen and food to produce energy)
2. Ribosomes, the organelles form of small granules contained in the cytoplasm or attached to the surface of the rough endoplasmic reticulum. Serves as the site of protein synthesis. Found in animal and plant cells.
3. Endoplasmic reticulum, an organelle shaped like a channel. Endoplasmic reticulum rough surface covered with ribosomes, endoplasmic reticulum smooth surface no ribosomes, but on the surface there are enzymes. Serves to harden the metabolism of proteins, fats and carbohydrates.
4. Golgi bodies, the organelle shaped like a stack of pancakes. Helps the protein synthesis. Found in plant and animal cells.
5. Lysosomes, a small bag with a single membrane. Serve to recycle damaged parts of the cell, digesting food waste substances or foreign substances that enter the cell. Found in plant and animal cells.
6. Centrosome, shaped like a small tube and float in the cytoplasm. Centrioles in the centrosome plays a role in cell division. Centrosome has a pair of centrioles of animal cells, plant cells sednag not.
7. Nuklues (cell nucleus), round or oval-shaped organelles located in the middle or the edge of the cell. Serves as the central control cell activity. In it there is a liquid core (nukleoplasma), son of nuclei (nucleoli) and selapu core. Found in animal and plant cells. '
8. Chloroplasts, the organelles small round green because they contain chlorophyll pigments. Only found in plant cells. Participate in the process of photosynthesis in plants, which produce energy and food plants.
9. The cell membrane (plasma membrane), is the outermost parts of the cell. Owned by animals and plants. Controls the entry and exit of substances in a cell.
10. Cell wall, is a layer beneath the cell membrane, made of cellulose. Only possessed by plant cells. Serves to give strength and protection for the cell.
11. Cytoplasm, clear liquid like gel that fills the space in the cell, serves as a venue for metabolic reactions.
12. Vacuole, a cavity in a layered cell membrane, which contains fluid. Serves as a place to store food and metabolic waste. Animal cell vacuoles are small, while large plant vacuoles.

• Thus articles on animal cells: structure and function of the cell network, hopefully this article can certainly memebrikan useful information for us all. [Ps]

MUSKERNAS III & FORMULATION NDP PMII

The National Congress is a deliberative forum in PMII as regulated in AD / ART Chapter VI Article 8, Paragraph 3. Until the leadership periods friend Abduh Padare, PB mukernas PMII has performed three times. The first one was held on 21-26 November 1967 in Jakarta, the second diadakan in Semarang Central Java, and the third didadakah in Bandung West Java on 1 - May 5, 1976. National Consultative Forum III has decided the following:

Preparation of Core Values ​​Struggle PMII
Preparation Templates Struggle PMII
Formulation Outline Development Organization
Principles Thoughts About the Election
1) Â Â Â Preparation of Core Values ​​Struggle PMII.

As we know, based on Islamic-leaning PMII Ahlussunnah Wal-Jamaâ € ™ ah (now Pancasila) in each movement step must dimotivisir by values ​​Ahlussunnah Wal-Jamaâ € ™ ah is. But the values ​​for the citizens movement in particular is still a lot of the books scattered yellow or stored in the minds of the scholars who become role models PMII. Of course this would complicate the movement of citizens who still lay on Aswaja values, as well as complicate the preparation of reference works.

The existence of this dilemma, especially after declaring themselves as independent organizations, it is no longer recruiting members through ideological and cultural historical approach, but using the program approach. The consequence of this approach terjaringnya PMII members who have not, not even background Aswaja. This in turn will be able to harm kederisasi and fanaticism organization. So to overcome this problem, the National Conference III PMII formulating a framework of values ​​Basic Struggle (NDP) PMII as follows:

a) Â Â Â NDP Urgency For PMII

In line with the stage of development and growth of PMII in the present and future, the presence of a clear explanation of the principles of organization of the Islamic-leaning PMII Aswaja perceived as an urgent need to be formulated. NDP PMII is needed in terms of giving direction and motivation, leading the movement and behavior of citizens as well as providing justification for what would be and should be done to achieve the objectives of the struggle in accordance with the intent of establishing this organization.

b) Â Â Position NDP PMII

Islam as a faith for all members of PMII absolute highest position in providing guidance on life and living. Meanwhile, as a method Aswaja appreciation / understanding of Islamic teachings, the result of absorption of both. NDP PMII is the best choice for both of them, towards the realization of the ideals of the movement.

c) Â Â Â Understanding NDP PMII

What is meant by NDP PMII is a determination, a systematic view mirror wing of the Islamic faith to provide a base of departure Aswaja in giving direction PMII behavior as a social group to achieve the ideals of the struggle.

d) Â Â Framework Issues NDP PMII

In order purposes PMII NDP formulation, formulated framework the following problems:

 1.    Mukaddimah
2. Â Â Â Human Dimensions of relationship with God
3. Â Â Â Human Dimensions of relationship with humans
4. Â Â Â Human Dimension relationship with Nature
5. Â Â Â The dimensions of the problem with Science
6. Â Â Â Conclusion.
Â

Furthermore, the basic framework of the preparation of NDP PMIIini handed over to the team responsible for the PB PMII, but unfortunately, due to the weaknesses of the working mechanism and other factors, to the VIII Congress PMII in Bandung West Java, preparation PMII NDP has yet to be realized.

2) Â Â Â Preparation Templates Struggle PMII

Templates PMII struggle is the foundation or the fight can be considered as the PMII Guidelines. For the completion of PDM PMII PMII itself is nothing new, since the earlier days PMII has no foundation struggle unless operational standard and basic thoughts closer to theoretical philosophical values. Broadly speaking, the struggle PMII contain:

a) Â Â Â Â Â Definition
b) Â Â Â Â Â The nature of the struggle
c) Â Â Â Â Â Directions and objectives of struggle PMII
d) Â Â Â Â PMII scope Struggle
e) Â Â Â Â Â operational archetype struggle PMII
3) Â Â Â Formulation Outline Development Organization

If the archetypal struggle PMII focuses on the struggle that is external PMII, or known as the participation, the broad outlines orgainsasi coaching is more emphasis on organizational footing in order to consolidate the organization or regeneration. Broadly speaking, the content of this GBPO is as follows:

 A.A cadre Problems

This problem comes to the cadre, whether it contains a statement that the cadre should take priority in the activities of the program, the approach used, as well as the orientation of the cadre itself as well as the guidelines / instructions cadre implementation used.

 b.    Leadership Issues

Leadership is leadership PMII expected to be able to memnjiwai nature of the movement, ie, family, student, community and independent. In line with the organization's properties PMII leadership required to always responsive and argumentative and dukehendaki also the openness to the widest possible regeneration.

c. Â Â Â Â Establishment of Containers Alumni

To enhance active participation paraalumni, Mukernas III PMII decided to form a container called a â € Alumni Alumni œKeluarga PMIIâ €?. The establishment of the container it was experiencing a bottleneck, resulting in up to the implementation of PMII Yangke VIII congress, the container has not revealed the expected results. An analysis, that it is due to the gap between alumni ideologically oriented with their status, so that among them are difficult to be bridged, a linkage back as when they were living in one container movement.

d. Â Â Â Steps New Member Recruitment

Inilebih steps leading to the recruitment of new members of the family background of students in addition to the traditional intellectual PMII, which is always rooted in family rural students.

e. Â Â Â Â Enterprise Search Source of Funds

III National Congress succeeded in formulating, both commercially and traditionally associated with the development of the movement.

 4)    Principles Thoughts About the Election

Facing third general elections (1977, National Conference III failed to decide the points pikiran going to the election with respect to 1977. Fundamentals of mind referred to, is as follows:

The elections for the citizens of the Indonesian Muslim Student movement is important and respected event, the implementation must be able to fully reflect the aspirations rakyaatIndonesia.
Indonesian Islamic Students Movement found the elections are a means to create a system of state and a government, is a democratic constitutional state. Since the 1977 general election that must be able to stand on those principles to implement the agreed rules of the game.
Indonesian Islamic Students Movement considers that the election function should really be experienced as a balance between the means of political socialization, democratization means, and means of legitimacy. Means of political socialization is to make the election as a means of political education for Indonesian citizens, so they can become citizens understand their rights and obligations. Means of democratization, ie, as the channeling of the actual will of the people of Indonesia. While the means of legitimation is the process of giving legal authority to force yamng who won in the elections.
Indonesian Islamic Students Movement will participate in the 1977 elections with mengutanakan luhurnya goals than achieving victory as well as its practical and able to realize the regeneration of the nation's leadership.
Sources: PMII In Node-Node History of Struggle

Tan Malaka: The Forgotten Father of the Republic

Sayuti Melik important task. Three weeks after the proclamation, he was asked Soekarno looking Tan Malaka. Bung Karno heard rumors that the movement leaders in Jakarta. Fortunately, Sayuti know where to look for Tan. A few days earlier, Foreign Minister Ahmad Soebardjo bringing the author itu.Pertemuan Naar de Republiek Indonesia was set. Soekarno asked Soeharto, his personal physician, providing the room. But he will keep the guests who come. With cycling, Sayuti pick Tan. Both then headed home now pharmacy Titimurni Suharto-in Jalan Kramat Raya.

Soeharto, who lived 20 years on the run was admitted named Abdulradjak. Suharto then bring "Abdulradjak" into the back room. There Sukarno was waiting. Sayuti come inside, Suharto waiting outside. All the lights in the house turned off. The meeting of two leaders in the dark that happened on the night of Eid, 9 September 1945.

Sukarno to begin. He asked about the Mass Actie-Tan book written in 1926. Then they talk about the fate of the Indonesian revolution. In a two-hour meeting, Tan dominate the conversation, while Sukarno was quiet. "Tan is more experienced in the struggle," said Sayuti Melik. Tan's words about revolution, said Sayuti, Soekarno often quoted later today.

There is a very disturbing statement Tan attention Bung Karno. Tan said the Netherlands, with boarded Allies, will soon come. Tan believes, Jakarta will be a battle. That's why he suggested the government should be moved to the interior.

Worried about the possibility that, Sukarno said, "If something happens later on ourselves so as not to lead the revolution, I hope you are continuing." Before closing the meeting, he gave Tan a sum of money. Sayuti testimony was written in the column for the Tan Malaka Approximately Testament, published in the daily Sinar Harapan, September 1979.

A few days later, Tan and Soekarno meet again. This time at the doctor's house in Jalan Mampang Mawardi. Mawardi is a pioneer Barisan leaders during the Japanese occupation.

As usual, Sayuti participate in the meeting, but should only be listened to. They talk about the national struggle. At the end of the conversation, Soekarno Tan promised to appoint a successor torch of independence.

Tan did not react testament word about it. In his memoir, From Prison to Prison, he considers the proposal merely honor and a sign of confidence. "I was quite pleased to see the President of the Republic of Indonesia, republic had all this time I wanted," he said.

***

Intention Sukarno issued a testament pronounced in the cabinet meeting in the third week of September 1945. When Allied captive, he will hand over the leadership of the revolution to one skilled in the struggle. Who was it, he was still confidential.

Ahmad Soebardjo know Bung Karno is none other than Tan Malaka. He knew because Tan never talked about it. However, the continuation of the new testament talks happenings will happen after the British landed. Also there is a rumor, the Allies would capture Soekarno because they collaborated with the Japanese.

The situation prompted Sukarno met with Tan Malaka, Iwa Koesoemasoemantri, and Billy Taroenamihardjo, Ahmad Soebardjo home. Iwa and Billy then Minister of Health and the Attorney General. On 30 September, they agreed to appoint Tan as the heirs of the revolution when something happens to Soekarno-Hatta.

Then Soekarno Hatta went to the house. After telling the meeting, Bung Hatta gave the answer: "Why not talk to me first? You should know well who it was Tan Malaka. "

Hatta reject the outcome of the meeting and proposed a way out. Sticks revolution will be forwarded to the leaders of the four poles. Tan Malaka represent the far left, Sutan Sjahrir of the center-left, the right and vice Wongsonegoro feudal and Islamic groups Sukiman representation.

Soekarno satisfied with this middle ground. He called Soebardjo invite met. Soebardjo, with Tan and Iwa, welcomed the Soekarno-Hatta tomorrow. At home Soebardjo, Hatta explained his opinion.

He said that the presence of Tan on the left could spark controversy because the Indonesian Communist Party does not like it. Hatta also suggested Tan traveling around Java. In addition to introducing himself to the people, and to measure how much effect. Hatta proposal is approved.

In the October 1 meeting, they also agreed to replace Sukiman with Iwa. The reason, Iwa and close friend Sukiman Islamic groups. Sukarno then asked Tan to arrange the words testament. Once everything is agreed, typed manuscript and made Soebardjo triplicate. Soekarno-Hatta then sign it. Soebardjo tasked with providing the text to Sjahrir and Wongsonegoro.

Later it was revealed, Soebardjo never deliver a copy of the text to Sjahrir and Wongsonegoro. Both found out after apprise Hatta. First vice president, and his camp was suspected Soebardjo disappointed, probate granted to Tan a void. But, in his National Consciousness, argues Soebardjo revolution broke down hamper the delivery of the text.

***

TAN enter a testament to the bag. He then went around Java. According Hadidjojo Nitimihardjo, son-Maruto Nitimihardjo an activist Menteng 31, the headquarters of the struggle of the youth after the proclamation and present Joang Building 45 in the Cikini, Jakarta-envelope Tan brought not only contain the political will, but also the typed text of the proclamation Sayuti Melik. Bung Karno, according Hadidjojo, gave him a package.

At the time in Surabaya, escorted Warriors Tan Oil Suryono leadership. At the suggestion of Djohan Syahruhzah-later to become Secretary General of the Socialist Party of Indonesia-Tan then escorted Des Alwi during the week. December when it joined the army of the Republic of Indonesia and the Youth are performing intelligence duties waging an information war against the Allies.

They stay at Gubeng on 9 November. "That night I had massage," says Des, at that time 18 years old. Tan, who called himself Hussein, and tells about the battle Shanghai, China's military assault against the Japanese in 1932.

Knowledge Hussein made December amazed. Sjahrir foster child was then brought Tan to Sidoarjo. In December there found out, the man was Tan Malaka dikawalnya. Of Sidoarjo, Tan accompanied Djohan around Java. "It was a stronghold Sjahrir Tan relationship has not been cracked," said Hadidjojo.

But the linkage was only briefly. Later relations between the two camps against political fracturing due Tan Sjahrir. Unity-Struggle Through a collection of 141 political organizations-Tan opposed the triumvirate running diplomatic Soekarno-Hatta-Sjahrir.

Firmness Tan talks led to a vigorous opposing prison. He shared Sukarni, Chaerul Saleh, Muhammad Yamin, and Billy Abikusno arrested in Madison on March 17, 1946. Interestingly, the news had spread pencidukan on the radio one day earlier. They are accused of going to a coup. They were arrested separately, moved from one prison to another prison.

But in the book Yamin dismissed Sapta Darma background. He alleged that the detention was at the insistence of the Allies to the Prime Minister Sjahrir that negotiations went smoothly. They are "secured" before the Indonesian delegation left for the Netherlands. Yamin allegation later proved. In the trial Defense Minister Amir Syarifuddin said Tan and his group were arrested as they often launch agitation disrupt negotiations.

When Tan in the cell is to spread false political testament. Stating that Soekarno-Hatta handed leadership of the revolution to Tan Malaka. Hatta Chaerul accused Saleh of brain lie. Because of that, Hatta revoke a decision granting testamentary intent, but canceled.

From prison, Tan managed to smuggle the envelope containing the original and the copy of the proclamation testamentary by courier. "The envelope was received of my father," said Hadidjojo. Maruto was sitting on the Board of the Central Indonesian National Committee in Yogyakarta.

After two years he was detained, the new prosecutors dropped the charges. But not for alleged coup, but the move illegal opposition ranks. Tan and Sukarni released from prison in September 1948 Magelang, Central Java.

After Tan free, and testaments Maruto restore copy of the proclamation to him. He also arranged a meeting between Tan and General Sudirman in Yogyakarta. To Sudirman, Tan said it would guerillas to East Java around November 1948. Soedirman then gave him a letter of introduction and a team of bodyguards.

Letter from Sudirman was submitted to the Division Commander General Sungkono East Java. By Sungkono, Tan recommended moving Kepanjen, South Malang. But he decided to go to Kediri. This is where, according to Dutch historian Harry Albert Poeze, Tan was executed on February 21, 1949.

Since then Kasak-dimming kasuk testamentary affairs. Only in May 1972, the heirs of the revolution sticking polemics in the media. Moekhardi, citing the book George McTurnan Kahin Nationalism and Revolution in Indonesia (1952), argued that the design of the tactics of Tan Malaka testamentary power. One month later, Sayuti rejected the Kahin. According to him, the meeting and making testaments at the initiative of Sukarno.

The following week, turn Soebagijo I.N. the results of interviews with the Hatta-writing, script testament Tan was awarded but not yet signed. Soekarno Hatta will memarafnya if agreed. While Hatta judge, Tan figure in the eyes of the people is not popular. The proof, in the course in Java, Tan a few times about to be arrested.

Conflicting opinions continue to emerge. Pen in a newspaper war subsided after S.K. Sayuti-Trimurti-wife writing letters to the daily Sinar Harapan, the end of October 1979. Trimurti divulge, Syamsu Harya Udaya him at the end of 1964. Murba leaders, the party founded Tan, was admitted storing and text testament Proclamation. Syamsu indeed often accompany Tan before the character was killed.

Rather than continue to spark discord and is competed, Trimurti advocated testament destroyed. The pair met Aidit, known to be close to the Soekarno. Chairman of the Communist Party of Indonesia was to arrange a meeting.

Soekarno then invited three. At the State Palace, Trimurti submit the entire manuscript. While the text of the proclamation of the deposit, Bung Karno testament tearing and burning. "After that we came home with a sense of relief," said Trinity. Chaotic wills outages in the middle of the fire.